Dan, My take is - your generator is working but is not properly polarized to put out a negative voltage (you say it measured positive 10V at Arm terminal with its wire removed - engine running?). I believe what your meter says, that the gen is putting out positive, but your battery is negative with respect to ground - result, lots of Amps through that Ammeter!
First, Make absolutely sure that the cover/base of the VR is grounded to the tractor frame. Some VR units are rubber-mounted with a separate small braided wire to the tractor VR mounting bolts (VR cover/base should measure about zero Ohms (lowest Ohmmeter range) to tractor frame ground).
Then, try repolarizing one more time, but first put a direct grounding wire to the Field terminal of the generator. Then, engine off, touch a wire momentarily from the battery (-) to the Gen Arm terminal (should spark). Remove grounding wire. If it doesn't charge normally, then ground the Field terminal - it should start. If it does start charging with ground applied, then the field relay in the VR is likely not grounding the Field terminal as it should (until the battery is up to near a full charge), or the wire from the VR 'F' to the Gen Field is open.
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