Hi John, you said that if you break the ground connection then the starter releases and stops spinning. So the problem would appear to be electrical caused by either the START position in the key switch staying connected or the starter solenoid contacts bonding to the disk on the end of the plunger. See following web site about Dodge Diesel trucks and starter solenoids: http://www.nationsautoelectric.com/dodgetruck.html I believe the basic problem is that the injection pump is timed to slow requiring the starter to crank the engine more to start and this causes the contacts in the solenoid to fuse to the plunger or the plunger overheats inside the solenoid and does not retract when the power is removed by releasing the START switch.
My brother did the same thing when he replaced the lip seal on the Bosch injection pump on his 454 (same engine but only 3cyl). He loosened the three cap screws on the timing gear without marking them first then realized he only needed to remove the big nut on the drive shaft. So after the repair he had to crank the engine about a minute before it would start in 70F weather. Cost him a starter overhaul as well.
I can scan and send you the pages from the I&T Shop Service manual for setting the static timing of the Bosch injection pump on the German D-239 engine.
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