With real respect and admiration for your efforts to understand the starter operation, I stand behind what I said before. The torque on that spring would make toast of it if it were transmitting power. The sleeve that has the external spiral grooves in it is driven by the motor shaft. It is driven so that the pinion's inertia causes it to spin out on the grooves and engage the ring gear. If the sleeve was free to rotate, nothing would move into mesh. The gear stops moving into mesh when the gear finds the end of its travel (grooves and end cap) the flat wound spring is torqued to a slightly smaller diameter and stretched longer in the process. The retraction happens because of that big spring.
Your starter drive is worn in a way that causes it to jamb in the ring gear teeth. The loosening of the starter frees it to snap back (yours might be worn enough that it is not even doing that)
I am certain that if it were in gear and not jammed, it would spin the engine. The fact that it does not is defacto proof of the jamming.
There is no looking inside the housing, so direct evidence is tough to come by. I have had this situation happen on 6 tractors. It is always progressive and ends in removal to free the drive. (even putting a high CCA 12v battery on a jammed starter will not make it spin.
Cleaning it up and putting a bit heavier spring on the end might make it work a few times. It has for me, but I have found the time to mess with it when the issue is a better design makes reliability and monetary sense.
If you bench test the starter with it in a vice, chain wrench, or clamped down firmly, with a good battery and cables, it will show you what I mean with a violent snapping out of the pinion against the end of travel. Do hold it down with restraints, it will spin the case opposite of armature rotation with massive force.
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Today's Featured Article - Memories of a Farmall C - by Monty Bradley. When I was a child, my grandparents lived on a farm owned by a Mr. Walters. The crops raised were cotton and soybeans, with about forty head of mixed breed cattle. Mr. Walters owned two tractors then. A Farmall 300 on gasoline and a Farmall C, that had once belonged to his father-in-law, and had been converted from gasoline to LP Gas. Many times, as a small boy, I would cross the fence behind the house my grandparents lived in and walk down the turn row to where granddaddy would be cultivati
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