The fourth conductor was so the neutral and ground bars could remain isolated from each other in the sub-panel. And a ground rod could be used without neutral current being carried back though earth and the grounding conductors.
The overhead three wire triplex service supplies cause some real problems. With elevated grounding system potential when livestock are involved. If no livestock or swimming pools etc are involved. Then nobody notices ground system being hot with 1 to 10 volts.
Not so long ago we had a municipal public pool shutdown because the swimmers were getting shocks. Neutral current returning through the earth. The faults were out on the street on opposite sides of the pool. Had to call in consultants as even the PUC staff couldn't tell the difference between neutral and grounding systems. There used to be a metal property line fence around the same recreational facility. People were getting shocks off the fence. So rather than figure out the problem. The municipality replaced the metal fence with a wooden fence.
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Today's Featured Article - Hydraulics - Cylinder Anatomy - by Curtis von Fange. Let’s make one more addition to our series on hydraulics. I’ve noticed a few questions in the comment section that could pertain to hydraulic cylinders so I thought we could take a short look at this real workhorse of the circuit. Cylinders are the reason for the hydraulic circuit. They take the fluid power delivered from the pump and magically change it into mechanical power. There are many types of cylinders that one might run across on a farm scenario. Each one could take a chapter in
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