Engine is an air pump. Air in, air out. restrict either, you restrict performance.
1. I have seen GM and Ram P/U trucks at least back to '05, maybe as far back as '98 on the Ram that have separate exhaust systems initially on each side of their V8 engines. Those systems each contain a cat. conv. Then they join and exit one tail pipe and muffler.
2. On velocity of air out, obviously rpm of the engine for a given set of conditions has it's limitations.
3. Type of flow has it's effects, i.e. laminar vs turbulent. Laminar is straight line and has the least contact with the walls of the pipe hence the least resistance, hence breathing of the engine is best. Turbulent on the other hand puts the air to circulating and it moves down the pipe, slowing it down and scrubbing the sides over and over; both limiting flow.
4. Used to be (mid 70's for a benchmark) 1 7/8 tail pipes were what you got with your small block V8. Dual exhausts helped that by doubling the area of the outlet.
5. I think Ram started it but doesn't matter, especially with diesel trucks. Check out the size of the exhaust in today's trucks and there is a marked difference in size between these and yesteryear....yes part of it is hp increase, but that's only part of it.
6. On 1 pipe vs 2, other than just to get your brain rattled by the noise, area of the pipe is 22/7 (pi) x radius squared. So the diameter of a single pipe doesn't have to go up all that much to equal the area of a pair of smaller pipes. Additionally, the flow in that single pipe is much less restricted due to the reduction of the surface area of the pipe that the air has to pass by, and hence be slowed by.
7. Now I will give you the fact that a flow through muffler (glass/steel pack) will offer less resistance to flow, that normally are used with after market dual exhausts, than a poorly designed conventional muffler, but there are those out there that are quiet and minimally restrictive.
Lots of reference books out there to support what I said. Not my words, words of mathematicians, physicists, propulsion engineers, and equipment designers.
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