A cold engine turns over slower. Battery only has half its power at 0 degrees F. Slower engine means the electrical system drops to 9 volts or less (if a 12 volt system) or drops so 4.5 volts or less (if a 6 volt system). That produces less maximum spark energy IF a battery-coil system. Possibly NO spark IF a breakerless/electronic conversion. If a magneto systems and the impulse coupler works - the cranking speed has no effect. If the impulse does not work - it has a huge effect.
A slower cranking engine also results in less compression and more chances for small leaks to seep past piston rings and engine valves.
A cold engine with a carburetor has trouble with atomized fuel sticking to the cold walls of the intake manifold and not making it all the way to the combustion chamber.
A cold gas engine with a properly working carb and choke winds up with an over-rich fuel mixture in the combustion chamber. That requires more voltage to fire. Sometimes 30,000 volts instead of 10- 15,000 volts. If the ignition is not perfect -it may not be up to the job.
A diesel? Since a diesel relies on compression to make enough heat for self-ignition - it's pretty easy to see why cold starting can be a huge problem. That why many have electric aux heaters like glow plugs or grid-heaters or intake-manifold heaters.
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Today's Featured Article - Show Coverage: Journey to Ankeny - by Cindy Ladage. We left Illinois on the first day of July and headed north and west for Ankeny, Iowa. Minus two kids, we traveled light with only the youngest in tow. As long as a pool was at the end of our destination she was easy to please unlike the other two who have a multitude of requirements to travel with mom and dad. Amana Colonies served as a respite where we ate a family style lunch that sustained us with more food than could reasonably fit into our ample physiques. The show at Ankeny
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