Try another solenoid, you may have one bad from the box, an "Out fo box failure", or may have some buildup on the starter shaft holding the starter bendix into the flywheel at the same time the plunger inside of the solenoid is pulled down and making contact across the leads, keeping the starter motor engaged.
I am not familiar with the AC 175, but the mechanics of a starter motor, bendix, and solenoid are pretty much universal, depending on where the solenoid resides.
Also, take a look at the bendix without power being delivered to it. Is it recessed back into the starter motor when idle as is supposed to be? Or, is it engaged into the flywheel when idle where is NOT supposed to be? If you bypass the solenoid, disconnect it, and it the post on the starter where the solenoid would connect, the starter motor SHOULD engage, the bendix SHOULD move into the flywheel, and as soon as you remove the voltage, the spring loaded bendix should disengage from the flywheel.
When you say "The starter stays engaged", its possible from that description that you just have a bad bendix or spring that is not disengaging, thus keeping the starter motor spinning because the flywheel is continuing to drive it through the engaged bendix. Try warming up the starter with a heat gun or heater, you may have it iced up especially if you leave it open due to not having an inspection cover to protect it. Been there, done that.
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Today's Featured Article - Oil Bath Air Filters - by Chris Pratt. Some of us grew up thinking that an air filter was a paper thing that allowed air to pass while trapping dirt particles of a particles of a certain size. What a surprise to open up your first old tractor's air filter case and find a can that appears to be filled with the scrap metal swept from around a machine shop metal lathe. To top that off, you have a cup with oil in it ("why would you want to lubricate your carburetor?"). On closer examination (and some reading in a AC D-14 service manual), I found out that this is a pretty ingenious method of cleaning the air in the tractor's intake tract.
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