Farmer, glad to hear youre seeking out help instead of letting Bubba engineer it lol Lets take this one step at a time:
WHAT YOU ALREADY HAVE
1) Under the old code a 120/240 volt Single Phase Three wire service sub panel in the garage could legally be fed (subject to a few other requirements) using ONLY 3 wires, 2 UnGrounDED Conductors and 1 GrounDED Conductor (Neutral) in which case the Neutral would be bonded to a proper GroundING Electrode such as driven rods etc. Its treated as another Separately Derived System.
2) The later code required you to run 4 wires, 2 Hots, Neutral, Equipment GroundING Conductor in which case the Ground buss and Neutral busses are kept separate and isolated.
SOUNDS LIKE YOUR UNDER THE OLD 3 WIRE CODE TO THE GARAGE
If that's so and you want to leave it as is??
Id treat the new buildings panel as a current code legal sub panel fed from the garage (its treated like a main panel in this situation). That means you run 4 wires,,,,,,,Since every buildings (if new building is separate) electrical service still requires grounding, for that sub panel its ground rod would wire to the Equipment Ground Buss. If the new building is a part of the garage or an addition???? You wouldn't need another ground rod at its sub panel.
CONSULT LOCAL AUTHORITY as what they say counts NOT me or Bubba or anyone else lol
I guess the difference is if the new bldg. is a garage addition or a new separate building as far as if a new ground rod is required. If same buildings no additional ground rod (building service already has one), but if a separate building yes you need another grounding electrode.
SORRY I HAVE TO RUN so no time for a better detailed explanation but I will check back later tonight and add to this if necessary
John T Too long retired electrical engineer and rusty on latest codes so no warranty but I will check back later
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