Depends. If you were measuring distance with a steel tape/chain then there is an equation you have to calculate based on temperature to determine stretch/shrinkage of the metal.
When shooting elevation with a transit & rod, you rock the rod to figure out the mean reading and then calculate elevation from that. Curvature of the earth wouldn't be an issue because you cannot accurately read a rod from that far of a distance.
Now days the transit and rod is used on lots, but not large surveys. You would use a total station that shoots a laser beam at a prism to shoot distance & elevation in one shot. Some of the units are robotic and the total station sits over a bench mark and one guy can walk around take all the shots he needs by himself. I believe the won't shoot more than 1/4 mile because accuracy is reduced the farther out from the base you are.
Other method is GPS, but that can be temperamental at times and it is used when you need to be a great distance from the base point since the GPS receiver with the man doesn't need a direct line of site to the base unit like the other methods mentioned.
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