With the engines you are talking about, there are some different changes to meet emission regulations. Depending on the engine manufacturer, they may have used different technologies to meet the emission regulations set by the EPA.
Some of the technologies that are used to meet emission regulations are EGR, the Diesel Particulate Filter, and last but not least is the SCR/DEF system.
The EGR system puts cooled exhaust gas back into the cylinder to cool the combustion temperatures to prevent the formation of NOx. The way that this happens, is that the Exhaust gasses are inert, in other words, they will not combust the way that normal air would. All that the recirculated exhaust gasses will do is absorb heat, which lowers the combustion temperature. This system is comprised of the EGR cooler, EGR valve, and a venturie type system to create a pressure differential to measure the flow with sensors.
The Diesel Particulate Filter catches the soot (black smoke) and Ash (left over from additives in the oil and diesel fuel). Over time the DPF fills up with soot and ash, and needs to regenerate or clean its self out. During the regeneration process, a small amount of fuel is sprayed in to the exhaust stream, to react with the DOC (diesel oxidation catalyst) to heat up the DPF to burn off the soot captured there. These temperatures can rise up to 1200 degrees F. there are a series if different regenerations that can be performed, the most common one being passive regeneration (occurs naturally at approx. 600 degrees F.) and the active regeneration (needs diesel fuel dosing in the exhaust stream to create high temperatures. The ash can not be burned off, and must be cleaned through a manual cleaning process, and the filter must be removed to clean the ash out (typically after about 4500 hrs of operation). Some things that can be done to extend the life of the DPF filter is to used oils that are certified for use in engines with a DPF, and Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel fuel.
The last system that can be used is the SCR system where the Diesel Exhaust Fluid is injected in to the exhaust stream up stream of the SCR canister to convert NOx in to Nitrogen and di-hydrogen monoxide (water). There are a series of sensors to monitor this process and this system can be seriously damaged if DEF is not used.
Depending on the rated HP of the engine, it may only used one of the systems described above, or as many as all three of the systems described above. This is a brief overview of the three systems used in Tier 3, interim Tier 4 and final Tier 4 diesel engines. If you want additional information, I encourage you to do additional research on these systems and which ones are used on the engine of the tractors you are interested in.
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