Areation fans pull or push a low flow of air thru grain, just enough air flow to keep already dry grain from spoiling.
A dryer fan is a much larger fan with a large gas burner to push a high flow of dry/heated air through wet grain to dry the grain. You can adjust the heat rise to balance drying capacity and fuel economy. Some years in dry weather drying bins with high airflows can sometimes run without any heat in the daytime and maybe only ten F heat rise at night when the humidity rises.
By contrast continuous flow dryers push much higher temperature air thru a thin column of grain to dry it very quickly. They often have some form of heat recovery to preheat incoming wet grain with the hot moist exhaust air from the dryer section. Continuous flow dryers are less efficient but have much higher capacity than bin dryers. Some livestock feeders prefer grain dried at lower temperatures because of the higher grain quality.
An air plenum is just the air ducts between the fan and the drying floor. A good plenum distributes a narrow flow of very high velocity air coming off the fan into a wide area of high pressure low velocity air at the drying floor without much energy loss. A poorly designed plenum that has a lot of restrictions and sharp turns and a lot of turbulence can yield low air flows and high energy losses, much like some poorly designed furnace ducts, hydraulic lines or water pipes.
There is a lot of information on grain drying available from equipment manufactures, dealers and state extension services. Some Ag colleges publish info and post it online for their state extension services: Michigan State University, Iowa State University, Purdue, U of Minnesota, U of Wisconsin, U of Illinois, etc.
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