Like others said, the starter was probably ready to quit, the 12v just finished it off.
But as a final test, put your volt meter or test light directly to the starter stud (not the cable, but the end of the stud going into the starter) and a bare metal spot on the starter case itself (not the engine or chassis, but directly to the starter case), try the starter while taking a reading.
If you have battery voltage, and the starter is not doing anything, the starter is open internally, possibly just brushes worn or dirty.
If you have "some" voltage, and the cables are heating up, and the starter is heating up, could be the drive is jammed in the flywheel. Try loosening the mount bolts, let the drive gear relax and get into mesh with the flywheel. If that gets it going, the starter may need new bushings and/or a drive gear.
If you have very low voltage, and nothing is happening, you have a bad connection or bad/discharged battery.
Just be extremely careful! Be absolutely sure the tractor is in neutral and stay clear of moving parts! It could begin cranking at any time during the test!
PS: As for running a 6v starter on 12v, some models handle it better than others, just depends on the design of the starter. As said, avoid long cranking intervals. If it doesn't start right up, something is wrong. Stop cranking and find out what the problem is.
Also be very observant and deliberate with your starting procedure. Always have everything ready before hitting the start switch. Once you engage the starter, keep it engaged until the engine starts. It's the initial engagement that causes the most stress.
And finally, watch and listen to the engine and starter. If you let off the starter, be sure the engine has stopped completely, and the starter has coasted to a stop before trying again. Engaging the starter while the engine is rebounding off a compression stroke is a sure way to break something! Be sure the ignition timing is set correctly. Timing advanced too far causes the engine to kick back against the starter, not good.
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Today's Featured Article - Usin Your Implements: Bucket Loader - by Curtis Von Fange. Introduction: Dad was raised during the depression years of the thirties. As a kid he worked part time on a farm in Kansas doing many of the manual chores. Some of the more successful farmers of that day had a new time saving device called a tractor. It increased the farm productivity and, in general, made life easier because more work could be done with this 'mechanical beast'. My dad dreamed that some day he would have his own tractor with every implement he could get. When he rea
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