OK at the beginning. Did Roosevelt know? Sure. He knew something was going to happen but he was being advised by the Navy. The problem with that is the top people in the Navy were "battleship" admirals. They honestly looked at the aircraft carrier and naval aviation as support for the fleet. Many refused to be believe that aircraft could hit ship underway and maneuvering and there was no way they could sink a battleship. They had picket ships out from Pearl Harbor and thought that if the Japanese would be so foolish as to attack Pearl Harbor that the ships at Pearl would have plenty of time to build steam and sally forth to meet the Japanese fleet. What they expected was an attack someplace but they envisioned ships standing off shore and lobbing shells. And that's what they advised the president. So while Roosevelt knew something was going to happen he had been advised that at sea, battleship against battleship the US Navy could fight and win. IT was not a sneak attack. That much we know. But it was a surprise in that the Navy brass were shocked and surprised at 1: the method of attack 2: the damage inflicted 3: the Japanese failure to actually invade and occupy Hawaii after such a successful attack.
Now as for the bombs. Certain people at high enough levels in Japan had tried to get the Russians to intercede and get us to settle for terms. The problem was that they didn't have the power or authority to actually negotiate a surrender. All they could have done was tell the prime minster and emperor that the US was willing to discuss terms. That could have gone either way. That could have seen them as heroes having ended the war or villains executed for displaying a defeatist attitude. Today some revisionists are trying to claim it would have worked and had the US been willing to talk the bombs would have been needed. Tojo was still in power through the middle of July 45. No way he would have backed down. He stepped down a mere 3 weeks before the first bomb was dropped.
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Today's Featured Article - Hydraulics - Cylinder Anatomy - by Curtis von Fange. Let’s make one more addition to our series on hydraulics. I’ve noticed a few questions in the comment section that could pertain to hydraulic cylinders so I thought we could take a short look at this real workhorse of the circuit. Cylinders are the reason for the hydraulic circuit. They take the fluid power delivered from the pump and magically change it into mechanical power. There are many types of cylinders that one might run across on a farm scenario. Each one could take a chapter in
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