The location of the different circuits running through trailer plugs and connectors is pretty standard in manufacturing of the systems. When people install controllers and wire trailers the standard diagrams often don't get used and that can lead to trouble when swapping the trailer between vehicles. I find it hard to believe GM would stop all brake action if your vehicle didn't see the small battery. I know of similar GM vehicles pulling trailers with no breakaway set up and their brakes work. If the brakes don't work with out the trailer battery I still think you have a wiring issue. If the tow vehicle doesn't see feedback from the trailer brakes (wiring issue) or the controller's gain is set too low, the brakes may not work.
The 7 pin connector should have one pin that supplies power to the battery to keep it charged. There is a separate pin in the connector that powers the brakes when the brake pedal, or hand controller if you have one, is pushed. The ground terminal of the trailer battery should connect to the same point on the trailer the ground from the tow vehicle connects to. The positive lead of the trailer battery goes to one side of the breakaway switch. The other side of the breakaway switch is connected into the wire going to the trailer brakes. This is the same wire the tow vehicle sends power to the brakes through. Basically the two power sources (tow vehicle brake controller and small battery) are parallel so either can apply the brakes without the other. The small battery only supplies power to the brakes when the normally open breakaway switch is tripped so it is closed to complete that circuit.
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