In one of my old Detroit Diesel service manuals it describes a similar non-electric starter for their -53 and -71 series diesels.
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The starter itself was a small hydraulic motor. It was supplied by a high pressure (3,000 psi?)hydraulic accumulator plumbed thru a quick-acting hydraulic valve.
To start the engine you'd manually engage the starter pinion into the flywheel, then trip the hydraulic valve. The starter would then spin the engine FAST (600 - 800 RPM as I recall) giving a nice, quick start.
A tiny hydraulic pump driven off one of the cam/balance shafts automatically pumped the accumulator back up once the engine started.
There also was a hand-operated pump (sorta like a hydraulic jack pump) that could be used to repressurize an empty accumulator. However I suspect hand pumping up an empty accumulator back to starting pressure was a somewhat exhausting and time consuming exercise!
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