Depends on engine, rear axle ratio, and transmission first gear ratio. An automatic is prefferred by the truck makers because the torque converter gives nearly a 2:1 ratio on top of the 3:1 in the transmission.
On my '98 F-150 with 4.6L V-8, 5 speed with 3.92 first gear, and the original 3.08 axle it was rated at 6500 pounds Gross Combination Weight (GCW) or 2200 pounds of trailer. With a 4.11 axle I rate it at 9900 pounds GCW and 4700 pounds trailer and load. I've pulled more, weighing 11000 pounds across the scale once. 9900 pounds GCW is comfortable, I wouldn't want to climb mountains with that load.
I figure with a typical 5 liter engine you want the produce of the first gear ratio and the rear axle ratio to be at least 16, but 20 is better. I had a '86 F150 with a 6.5:1 first gear and a 3.50 rear axle and it towed well, but needed an overdrive for the 5L engine.
I had a '65 F350 with a 390, a 7.5:1 first gear and a 5.13 rear axle from a bigger truck and I never did find its towing limit. Probably limited by traction and not enough weight on the duals. With traction, probably 20,000 pounds.
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