Thelyphonus doriae hoseiThe name "uropygid" means "tail rump", from Greek ουροπύγιον (ouropugion)[2] "tail rump"[3], from ουρά (oura) "tail"[4] + πυγή (puge) "rump"[5], referring to the whip-like flagellum on the end of the pygidium, a small plate made up of the last three segments of the abdominal exoskeleton.
Vinegarroons range from 25 to 85 mm in length, with most species not longer than 30 mm; the largest species, of the genus Mastigoproctus, reaching 85 mm[6].
Like the related orders Schizomida, Amblypygi, and Solifugae, the vinegarroons use only six legs for walking, having modified their first two legs to serve as antennae-like sensory organs. Many species also have very large scorpion-like pedipalps (pincers). They have one pair of eyes at the front of the cephalothorax and three on each side of the head, a pattern also found in scorpions[6]. Vinegarroons have no poison glands, but they do have glands near the rear of their abdomen that can spray a combination of acetic acid and octanoic acid when they are bothered[6]. The acetic acid gives this spray a vinegar-like smell, giving rise to the common name vinegarroon. Other species spray formic acid or chlorine.[citation needed]
[edit] Behaviour Vinegarroons are carnivorous, nocturnal hunters feeding mostly on insects and millipedes[6], but sometimes on worms and slugs. Mastigoproctus sometimes preys on small vertebrates[6]. The prey is crushed between special teeth on the inside of the trochanters (the second segment of the leg) of the front legs. They are valuable in controlling the population of roaches and crickets.
Males secrete a sperm sac, which is transferred to the female. Up to 35 eggs are laid in a burrow, within a mucous membrane that preserves moisture. Mothers stay with the eggs and do not eat. The white young that hatch from the eggs climb onto their mother's back and attach themselves there with special suckers. After the first molt they look like miniature vinegarroons, and leave the burrow; the mother dies soon after. The young grow slowly, going through three molts in about three years before reaching adulthood. They live for up to another four years[6].
[edit] Habitat Vinegarroons are found in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. They are missing in Europe, Australia, and, except for an introduced species, in Africa[6]. They usually dig underground burrows with their pedipalps, to which they transport their prey[6]. They may also burrow under logs, rotting wood, rocks, and other natural debris. They enjoy humid, dark places and avoid the light.
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