If the gauge is "thermal" (uses a little heater and a bi-metal strip to move the needle) it will NOT be polarity-sensitive.
If it uses a "magnetic movement" (electromagnets move the pointer) MOST LIKELY it WILL be polarity-sensitive.
There's no explosion in the tank 'cause the voltage/current/thermal mass involved in operating the fuel gauge prevent enough heating to light off gas fumes.
That being said, I have seen MANY fuel gauge senders and in-tank fuel pumps overheated with charred/burned wires 'cause of a short feeding too much current into a fuel sender or a fuel pump that failed and shorted out.
There's no explosion because the gas/air mixture in the tank is too rich (outside of the narrow range where combustion can occur).
From an engineering handbook...
Gasoline "Lower Explosive or Flammable Limit" (LEL/LFL) 1.4%
Gasoline "Upper Explosive or Flammable Limit" (UEL/UFL) 7.6%
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