The IRS booklet specifically for agriculture is helpful. I get one every year. It might be 100 pages more or less. It is free.
Here is my take for ground you actually farm:
First, the government cost share payment is all taxable and reportable on your schedule F. This income will be reflected on your 1099 you get from the Farm Service Agency (former ASCS). This is reportable the year you actually get the electronic deposit. Some years I have already paid the contractor for fall work and do not get reinbursed until the next year.
Second, conservation expenses can be deducted. There are limits. I think it is 25% of gross farm income. If you spend $10,000 on terraces you better have $40,000 of gross income. If there was extensive tiling done then that portion could be put on your depreciation schedule. You can carry over to the following year the remainder of the cost if over the 25% of gross limit. Certainly better but probably not 100% necessary if this conservation work is part of your Farm Service Agency conservation plan.
Sometimes when you play income taxes on the cost share and have to build the structures to the Farm Service Agency's requirments (larger) the $ benefit might be questioned by some.
I am surprised that even a non farming landowner with income from rent couldn't deduct 100% of conservation expenses. If you received cost share how would you offset this income without a 100% deduction (to the limits)?? I should go back and read my agricultural tax booklet.
I am interested in how others deal with this issue.
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