From a materials perspective, a keyway/spline is a stress riser due to the sharp corners at the bottom of the "trench." An axle with one keyway is significantly stronger than one with two. Also, the single keyways would cause the key to shear rather than the axle to break.
As a kid I read an article in Farm Show magazine about quickly repairing the axle on a 400 or 450. IIRC, they dragged the tractor home on a log behind a pickup truck, cut a hole in the axle housing, dressed up the axle stubs with a grinder, shoved the axle back in and welded it up right inside the housing.
I think broken axles on the 400/450 tractors were a somewhat common thing. Not epidemic like the 560 bearing problems, but common enough that people had heard of it happening.
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Today's Featured Article - Choosin, Mounting and Using a Bush Hog Type Mower - by Francis Robinson. Looking around at my new neighbors, most of whom are city raised and have recently acquired their first mini-farms of five to fifteen acres and also from reading questions ask at various discussion sites on the web it is frighteningly apparent that a great many guys (and a few gals) are learning by trial and error and mostly error how to use a very dangerous piece of farm equipment. It is also very apparent that these folks are getting a lot of very poor and often very dangerous advice fro
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