From a materials perspective, a keyway/spline is a stress riser due to the sharp corners at the bottom of the "trench." An axle with one keyway is significantly stronger than one with two. Also, the single keyways would cause the key to shear rather than the axle to break.
As a kid I read an article in Farm Show magazine about quickly repairing the axle on a 400 or 450. IIRC, they dragged the tractor home on a log behind a pickup truck, cut a hole in the axle housing, dressed up the axle stubs with a grinder, shoved the axle back in and welded it up right inside the housing.
I think broken axles on the 400/450 tractors were a somewhat common thing. Not epidemic like the 560 bearing problems, but common enough that people had heard of it happening.
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Today's Featured Article - Fabrication (Who Me? Make it myself?) - by Chris Pratt. First of all, what are the reasons for not fabricatin your own parts? Most judgements on what should be purchased rather than fabricated stem from: Originality - If the tractor restoration is to be 100% original, it is likely that you should spend the time and money to locate the component in the used or New-old-stock market. Since this can be extremely difficult, you may want to fabricate the item or purchase a modern replacement temporarily, but eventually, you s
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