As someone who works on Detroits myself, I can tell you that Buickanddeer is giving you pretty good advice all the way around as far as that goes. As to the HP, etc he's giving that sounds right as I am currently getting a 4-53 power unit ready for a customer right now, and I had to look everything up for them prior to them buying it.
That said, as "simple" as a Detroit is you really do need to know exactly what your doing to work on them and you also need to have the right special tools to do certain things that need to be done to them. Without those tools your really not able to even make a guess as to settings, etc.
As far as pulling the head, and not removing the injectors, if I remember correctly, it can't be done because they (and/or the hold downs) have to be out of the way to access some of the head bolts. Too you have to pull the cover on the governor and get the connecting rod out of the way. Once you have everything back together then you need to reset the injector heights, set the rack, reset the valve lash, etc, etc. if you expect it to be right.
As far as replacing it with another engine, it may not be as easy to do as you think if the Detroit is the factory engine. I say this because the Detroits, especially the 53 series engines, were usually rated for a higher RPM than most typial diesels in the same HP range. Too they had a very different HP and torque curve due to the fact they were two strokes. In other words, like a weedeater engine, they had alot of power/torque at the higher RPM's, and not so much at the lower ones so they loved to run wide open, with a load. Heck if you run them lightly loaded they would wet stack and fill the exhaust full of oil. I was a 4-71 a few years back that had done that and when they did get the machine in a situation where the ran it wide open and got everything hot, they wound up with an oil fire in the muffler. In other words you may find yourself needing a larger, higher HP 4 stroke engine to do the same job the Detroit is doing in the same speed and torque range.
Beyond that if you do decide to change it out for something else please let me know as my customer might be interested in having a spare on hand for parts, if the price and shipping charges wouldn't kill them (I'm in NC, how about you?). Too, if you have any other questions please feel free to email me and if needed I'd be happy to give you my number and help talk you through some of the things you need to do if you need help.
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