Depends on what reference points were used. In older areas of the USA (earlier settled) like here in New York, the original and only definitive reference marks are land-patent lines that were established 1643 to 1803. Some with slash-marks on big trees, some using creeks that have changed course, wooden stakes driven into the ground, and some with more durable markers like iron pins driven into rocks. When a surveyor does a survey here, he/she is supposed to somehow measure from an existing patent line - even if it's 40 miles distant. Obviously, there are short cuts taken. In my area, local surveyors base their new surveys on line established in their former surveys. So, one mistake made long ago leads to many more mistakes.
In newer populated areas, the system is neater and more reliable. Michigan comes to mind. I just had my farmland surveyed there, and the 1800s section lines are well organized, straight, and well marked.
Some surveys can never be proven, and with them, usually they get settled by Court Order or compromise.
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