You are going to have to take the injectors to a diesel repair shop or just exchange them for a rebuilt set.
Those tiny washers are shims to adjust the opening pressure of the nozzle. There is a very good possibility that the nozzle that came unscrewed also broke the two little spiral pins that keep the nozzle tip aligned with the body. It is also critical that the mating surfaces on the nozzle tip, spacers, and injector body be in perfect condition. Any imperfections will allow fuel leakage so that pressure is not maintained between injection strokes. That will result in uneven fuel delivery between injectors.
In the "Well, it's too late now" department, you should always drain the coolant to below the cylinder head whenever removing injectors from a 400 series engine. It is true for the German built engines as well. These engines have brass nozzle sleeves pressed into the heads that have coolant around the outside. When the injectors become stuck in the head it is possible to cause these sleeves to move before getting the nozzle out. When that happens you are likely to have a coolant leak into the combustion chamber.
After replacing the filters, use the hand pump on the back of the injection pump to prime them to get the air out. When you can get a good steam out of the second filter, without any air bubbles, close the bleed screw and give the pump about another hundred strokes. That will ensure fuel in the pump and in the return lines.
To bleed the injectors, connect the lines to all the injectors but leave the nut loose about a turn or so. Open the throttle to at least half way and crank the engine until you see a good spurt from around each line as that injector receives fuel. It will not necessarily spray out but you should see the fuel come up around the line above the nut. Continue to crank until you no longer get any air bubbles out with the fuel and then tighten the fuel line nuts. Do not crank for more than 30 seconds at a time and wait at least two minutes between cranking to allow the starter to cool.
If the high pressure head in the pump is getting worn out you may not be able to generate enough pressure to crack open the injectors while cranking. If you do not get smoke while cranking this is a good possibility. If the head is weak, putting in reconditioned injectors will most likely make starting problems worse. As injectors are used the opening pressure drops off and part of the reconditioning process is to restore them to the correct opening pressure. A weak head will not be able to open the injectors and you will have no fuel flow through them and no smoke at cranking.
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Today's Featured Article - Identifying Tractor Noises - by Curtis Von Fange. Listening To Your Tractor : Part 3 - In this series we are continuing to learn the fine art of listening to our tractor in hopes of keeping it running longer. One particularly important facet is to hear and identify the particular noises that our
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