How bad exactly is the damage to the old input shaft? Sometimes the bearing race inside the input shaft will take all the beating and is good to go with a new race.
The reason I ask is that after 50+ years the gears will have developed a wear pattern unique to themselves and you can expect there to be some whine once you get going again. It won't hurt anything, but just be aware that you will likely get some noise.
As for the ring and pinion, if it was my tractor I would try my best to match up the existing patterns on the gear rather than set the specified backlash. Some of the tractors I've seen had obvious wear on this gear set and some are hardly noticeable.
Look very closely at the pinion and look for a slightly depressed area that is more or less centered on the teeth where the ring gear teeth contact vs. the extreme ends of the gear teeth where there will be no wear.
What is likely is that in order to get the backlash "in spec" (without touching the carrier shims) you will have to shim the pinion so far to the rear that the actual contact points on the gear teeth will be on a high spot and the load will be highly concentrated and be more likely to result in tooth failure. In order to try to hit the specs properly you will also have to shim the carrier left and right.
Certainly it is better to have the backlash within spec than not, but if I had to choose, due to combined wear between the ring and the pinion, I would go for a best match of the pattern.
Having more backlash than what the book says is not nearly as bad as it sounds. Since the tractor is under a steady load for the overwhelming majority of the time, the gear teeth are not ratcheting back and forth.
Before I forget, to answer your original question the backlash is .008 to .012
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